West Nile Virus Detection and Commercial Assays

1154 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 11, No. 7, July 2005 PanBio Pty. Ltd., Brisbane, Australia). The same acute-phase serum was tested for flavivirus RNA by seminested reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by using flavivirus consensus primers PF1S and PF2R as previously described (1) in conjunction with the sense primer PF3S (GCIATHTGGTAYATGTGGYT). Attempts to isolate viruses by using C6/36 and Vero cells were unsuccessful, which might be expected given the delay between the onset of symptoms and specimen collection. Sequence analysis of the 163-bp (primers excluded) PCR product (GenBank accession no. AY862501) showed 89%–99.4% range of homology with 34 dengue 3 virus strains by using the BLAST nucleotide program. Similarities obtained with sequences of dengue virus 1, 2, and 4 were <87%. Phylogenetic analysis performed with the patient sequence together with homologous sequences from dengue viruses and other flaviviruses showed that it corresponded to dengue 3 virus species. RT-PCR amplification on the convalescent-phase serum was negative. Based on World Health Organization criteria, the patient was diagnosed with dengue fever (2). The patient’s interview showed a previous dengue fever episode in Haiti in 1995 and a previous malaria episode in Burundi in 2002, but biologic confirmation was not available, and serum was not collected before this episode. Therefore, we could not determine definitively whether this patient experienced primary or secondary dengue. In light of virologic tests results, the diagnosis of secondary dengue infection was more likely (3). A PubMed search using the keywords dengue, mixed infections, dual infections, simultaneous infections, and concurrent infections retrieved 14 references published since 1958. In most cases, concurrent infection was with 2 dengue virus strains from 2 different serotypes in a single patient (4,5). Only 6 published studies reported concurrent infection with dengue virus and a bacterium (Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, Leptospira spp.) (6–8) or with a virus such as Chikungunya virus (9). To our knowledge, this is the first report of mixed dengue–parasite infection, dengue virus with P. falciparum. The authors previously questioned the accuracy of a serologic test to diagnosis dengue fever in patients experiencing malaria because reactivity was nonspecific on certain rapid serologic assays (10); however, serologic tests used in this study have demonstrated good specificity (10), and molecular tests are not prone to such specificity problems. Classifying this case as dengue hemorrhagic fever is questionable since some of the hemorrhagic signs may have been caused by acute malaria. In cases of concurrent infections involving a dengue virus, questions related to the influence of mixed infection on severity and prognosis are, therefore, impossible to address because of lack of information. Further investigations are required because this situation likely occurs frequently in nature, despite scant available data.